Green Card vs. Citizenship: What’s the Difference?
Deciding whether to remain a lawful permanent resident (green card holder) or move forward with applying for U.S. citizenship is an important legal and strategic decision.
The right choice depends on long-term goals, travel expectations, family considerations, and tolerance for immigration risk.
This guide explains the practical differences between permanent residence and U.S. citizenship, including rights, responsibilities, and long-term stability.
SCHEDULE A CONSULTATIONGreen Card vs. Citizenship: Key Differences at a Glance
Voting & Civic Participation
Only U.S. citizens may vote in federal elections. Jury service is also generally limited to citizens.
Travel & Reentry
- Citizens: Travel freely and reenter the U.S. using a U.S. passport, which is required for international air travel.
- Green card holders: Must reenter with a valid green card. Extended or frequent time abroad can raise abandonment concerns. Travel of one year or more typically requires a reentry permit (Form I-131).
Risk of Removal
- Permanent residents: May be subject to removal for certain violations under INA § 237.
- Citizens: Generally not removable. Denaturalization is possible only in narrow circumstances involving illegal or fraudulent procurement.
Status Security & Renewals
Green cards must usually be renewed every 10 years. Citizenship does not expire and is not subject to renewal.
Family Sponsorship
- Citizens: May sponsor spouses, children (married or unmarried), parents (age 21+), and siblings (age 21+).
- Green card holders: May sponsor spouses and unmarried children.
Taxes
Both U.S. citizens and resident aliens (including most green card holders) are generally taxed on worldwide income, subject to applicable exclusions and credits.
Dual Citizenship
The United States permits dual nationality. U.S. citizens must enter and exit the U.S. using a U.S. passport, while other countries’ rules vary.
What Permanent Residence Allows
Holding a green card allows an individual to:
- Live and work in the United States on a long-term basis
- Travel internationally while maintaining U.S. residence
- Renew permanent resident status every 10 years using Form I-90
- Sponsor a spouse and unmarried children for permanent residence
Important travel considerations:
Permanent residents are expected to maintain the United States as their primary home.
Long or repeated absences can raise questions of abandonment and may also affect future eligibility for naturalization.
A reentry permit (Form I-131) can help for longer trips, but it does not guarantee preservation of permanent resident status.
What U.S. Citizenship Adds
Citizenship provides additional protections and benefits, including:
- The right to vote in federal, state, and local elections
- No risk of abandonment due to time spent abroad
- Eligibility for a U.S. passport and consular assistance overseas
- Broader and often faster family sponsorship options
- Eligibility for additional federal employment opportunities
- Civic obligations, such as jury service when summoned
Green Card vs. Citizenship: Comparison Table
Deciding Which Status Fits Long-Term Goals
Citizenship may be appropriate for those who want to:
- Vote and fully participate in civic life
- Travel or live abroad without risking immigration status
- Sponsor parents or siblings
- Secure long-term stability in the United States
Remaining a permanent resident may be appropriate for those who:
- Expect only temporary and limited travel abroad
- Are not yet eligible for citizenship
- Prefer to postpone the naturalization process or testing requirements
Individuals who expect to live abroad for extended or indefinite periods often consider citizenship, as prolonged absences can place permanent resident status at risk.
Who Is Eligible to Apply for U.S. Citizenship?
Most permanent residents qualify for naturalization under:
- The five-year continuous residence rule, or
- The three-year rule for those married to a U.S. citizen (with additional conditions)
Applicants must also meet requirements related to good moral character, physical presence, continuous residence, and English and civics knowledge, unless exempt.
How an Immigration Attorney Can Help
Immigration rules can be complex, particularly where travel history, prior applications, or past violations are involved.
An immigration attorney can help:
- Evaluate eligibility for naturalization
- Explain timelines and naturalization requirements
- Prepare applications and supporting documentation
- Identify and address risks related to travel or prior conduct
For individuals considering citizenship or evaluating how to maintain permanent residence, Quijano Law in Atlanta, Georgia, provides guidance tailored to each situation.
SCHEDULE A CONSULTATIONFrequently Asked Questions
Do green card holders have the same rights as U.S. citizens?
No. Permanent residents cannot vote in federal elections, and many government positions require citizenship.
Can a green card holder be deported?
Yes. Permanent residents may be removable under INA § 237 for certain violations. Citizens are generally not removable unless naturalization is revoked for fraud or illegality.
Do U.S. citizens need a U.S. passport?
Yes. U.S. citizens must use a U.S. passport for international air travel and reentry into the United States.
What documents do green card holders need to reenter the U.S.?
A valid green card is required. For trips of one year or more, a reentry permit should be obtained before departure.
Do citizens and green card holders owe U.S. taxes on worldwide income?
Generally yes, though specific exclusions, deductions, and credits may apply.
